Manx Language Stuff



Manx Numerals

In many languages, maybe even most, counting is a fairly straightforward thing. So is putting a noun after a number—you just put the noun in the plural and you're done with it. Manx is much more complicated.

The information below comes from Practical Manx by Jennifer Kewley Draskau and First Lessons in Manx by Edmund Goodwin (revised by Robert Thomson).

Here are the cardinal numbers:

  1. 'nane (full form: unnane); before a noun the form un is used.
  2. jees—is used for counting. If a noun follows, use daa. On the other hand, jees can be used to refer to two persons.
  3. tree; (three is also found. The form troor (trooar) also exists and is used for persons. As I vaguely remember, something like jees and troor exist in Polish and perhaps other Slavic languages; that is, special numbers for persons. Anyway...
  4. kiare
  5. queig
  6. shey
  7. shiaght
  8. hoght
  9. nuy
  10. jeih
  11. nane-jeig
  12. ghaa-yeig
  13. t(h)ree)-jeig
  14. kiare-jeig
  15. queig-jeig
  16. shey-jeig
  17. shiaght-jeig
  18. hoght-jeig
  19. nuy-jeig
  20. feed

Manx is a base-20 system like French. 'Twenty-one' is 'nane as feed, 'twenty-two' is daa as feed, and 'thirty-one' is 'nane-jeig as feed. ('Thirty' is jeih as feed.) This system is used up to fifty-nine.

'Forty' is two twenties—daeed (=daa feed). 'Sixty' is tree feed. 'Eighty' is kiare feed. 'One hundred' is keead.

Kewley Draskau says that from sixty until ninety-nine the word order is changed. The twenties are put first: kiare feed as jees is 'eighty-two'. This is a distinction that Goodwin doesn't make. From him, eighty-two would presumably be jees as kiare feed.

And now the fun begins. If you use a noun, the noun usually gets wedged in between the first chunk of number and all the rest. So 'fifty three boats' is tree baatyn jeig as daeed. Do not separate the noun incorrectly and get the wrong number: tree baatyn as feed 'twenty-three boats' but tree feed baatey 'sixty boats'.

Un and daa cause lenition. After un, nouns are lenited except for nouns beginning with dentals: un vac, but un dooinney. After daa, everything is lenited: daa vac, daa ghooinney.

As can be seen by the examples above, the singular is used if daa, feed, daeed, keead, or thousane precede the nouns. (Perhaps survival of genitive singular?)